• Subsequently we decided to test whether the orexin pathway w

  2021-12-27

  

  Subsequently, we decided to test whether the orexin pathway was involved (Delhanty et al, 2012, Delhanty et al, 2013, Pei et al, 2014). Orexin neuronal systems are known to control limbic and neocortical structures (Bonnavion, de Lecea, 2010, Sakurai, 2007). Orexin receptors and possibly orexin synt

• The significance of A and tau as therapeutic

  2021-12-24

  

  The significance of Aβ and tau as therapeutic targets is not only derived from pathological evidence of postmortem brain but also from biochemical analysis of cultured human neurons. This is largely based on the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology that has been established to study Aβ, t

• Another small compound targeting IBAT has been evaluated in

  2021-12-24

  

  Another small compound targeting IBAT has been evaluated in Phase I clinical trial (EudraCT 2013-001175-21) [86]. The oral administration of A4250 to healthy subjects did not give rise to any serious adverse events, was well tolerated and had a similar safety profile as elobixibat; however, it cause

• BMP signals play pivotal roles in the

  2021-12-24

  

  BMP signals play pivotal roles in the various processes of chondrogenesis [12], [13]. At early stages of chondrogenesis, BMP signaling regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal TC-I 2000 into chondrocytes via the induction of Sox9[29]. The loss of Noggin, a BMP antagonist, results in the overgro

• kanamycin br Surrogate ligands for GPR Although identificati

  2021-12-24

  

  Surrogate ligands for GPR35 Although identification of endogenously produced chemicals with agonist action at GPR35 is of considerable importance, the ligands described above are far from ideal to probe the roles of GPR35. Surrogate ligands are therefore required. Until recently, the key GPR35 ag

• br Introduction Lichen forming fungi LFFs have

  2021-12-24

  

  Introduction Lichen-forming fungi (LFFs) have evolved in various classes, including Arthoniomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes and Lichinomycetes, in Ascomycota (James et al., 2006, Schoch et al., 2009a, Lumbsch and Rikkinen, 2017, Prieto et

• Because sleep and metabolism are intimately linked the autho

  2021-12-24

  

  Because sleep and metabolism are intimately linked, the authors next move to study whether Eaat2 also controls metabolic rate. First, we must ask how sleep and metabolism are connected at a functional level. The Calyculin A synthesis allocation hypothesis of sleep posits that organisms temporally p

• To help resolve the question of simple binding

  2021-12-24

  

  To help resolve the question of simple binding versus transport, we reasoned that if quercetin is transported by GLUT1, we should be able to block its uptake by other GLUT1 inhibitors. We initially investigated the effects of two newly identified GLUT1 inhibitors, BAY-876 and WZB-117. WZB-117 was fi

• br Ghrelin and energy balance To characterize

  2021-12-24

  

  Ghrelin and CM-272 balance To characterize the physiological role of ghrelin in energy homeostasis, ghsr−/− and ghrelin−/− mice were generated [33], [36], [41], [47]. Although ghrelin regulates the amplitude of episodic GH release, ghsr−/− mice were not dwarfs, and in fact appear identical to th

• br Materials and methods br Results Unitary currents

  2021-12-24

  

  Materials and methods Results Unitary currents of Gardos SAR 405 mg were identified by their conductance value, inward rectification, voltage independence of open probability, kinetics and Ca2+-sensitivity, all features which have been described elsewhere [8], [13], [20], [23], [24], [25], [2

• Since our new compound Fex could be

  2021-12-23

  

  Since our new compound Fex-3 could be a new FXR ligand, we try to demonstrate that Fex-3 was an intestinal-restricted FXR agonist which only activated FXR in the intestine not in the liver or other organs. Initially, we investigated this in Caco-2 Golgicide A with transwell experiments. From and , w

• The G protein coupled receptor GPR also called

  2021-12-23

  

  The G protein-coupled receptor, GPR40 (also called FFAR1) responds to medium and long chain unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in increase of insulin secretion during elevated glucose levels. The glucose dependency of insulin secretion makes this receptor a very good target for developing therapies

• As a part of our continuing efforts towards

  2021-12-23

  

  As a part of our continuing efforts towards discovery of new class of compounds against different therapeutic areas and based on the literature reports, we designed a dual pharmacophore which possess a long aliphatic chain of free fatty acids and a phenyl propanoid part of known GPR40 agonists. Here

• In an attempt to further optimize interactions in the

  2021-12-23

  

  In an attempt to further optimize interactions in the lipophilic P4 pocket, we next prepared compounds – () which possessed the preferred stereochemistry at P4, but with R-groups of varying size and shape. In addition to providing important structural information for maximizing potency, these compou

• It is important to note that upon

  2021-12-23

  

  It is important to note that upon RIG-I activation, IRF-3, p38, and ERK were activated by 3p-siHBx, leading to upregulated IFN response (Fig. 6). This suggests that 3p-siHBx has specific effects on HBV replication. In addition, 3p-siHBx induced type III IFN response (Fig. 6D), which could also inhib

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